![]() As the heart fails, cardiovascular regulation shifts from controlling cardiac output as a means for supplying the oxidative energetic needs of exercising skeletal muscle and other organs to preventing catastrophic swings in blood pressure. ![]() CHF severity varies from moderate to severe and is assessed commonly in terms of the maximum O 2 uptake, which relates closely to patient morbidity and mortality in CHF and forms the basis for Weber and colleagues' ( 167) classifications of heart failure, speed of the O 2 uptake kinetics following exercise onset and during recovery, and the capacity to perform submaximal exercise. CHF reduces muscle O 2 supply while simultaneously increasing O 2 demands. The defining characteristic of chronic heart failure (CHF) is an exercise intolerance that is inextricably linked to structural and functional aberrations in the O 2 transport pathway. ![]()
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